Mar 13, 2024 · Formation of the Indian National Congress. Wacha, W. In the spring of 1884 shortly before his viceroyalty came to an. First Phase: For the first 20 years from 1885 -1905 the Congress worked as a moderate constitutional body. Moderates (1885-1905) Extremists (1905-1919) Gandhian Era (1919-1947) Here in this post, we shall read about the age of The Indian National Congress and Indian Society, 1885-1985: Ideology, Social Structure, and Political Dominance Paul R. Indian National Congress 1885. Mar 8, 2024 · Mar 7, 2024. S. The Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, became a hub for Indian nationalist movements, allowing Indians to voice their problems and seek justice. Dec 28, 2023 · The Indian National Congress was founded by a group of educated Indians and British officials who believed in the idea of Indian self-governance. वर्ष 1901: कलकत्ता। अध्यक्ष: दिनशॉ ई. 24, Akbar Road, New Delhi 110 011, INDIA. Editorials, “The Proposed National Congress at Poona,” “The Proposed Conferences at Calcutta, Allahabad and Madras and the National Congress at Poona,” Indian Mirror, Dec. [lower-alpha 2][31] From the late 19th century, and Feb 1, 2014 · This book examines the history of the Indian National Congress (INC) and its contribution to the national movement in India. After a very successful and prosperous career as a pleader. O. xii, 365 p. It is the oldest and largest democratic party in the world, with more than 130 million members. List of all the Sessions of Indian National Congress before Independence is listed here. On December 28, 1885, the Indian National Congress (INC) was established, marking the beginning of a significant journey in Indian politics. The Indian National Congress (INC), India’s largest opposition party, marked its 138th foundation day on December 28. Established in 1885, the INC played a pivotal role in the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule. May 11, 2018 · Congress Party (officially Indian National Congress) Oldest political party in India, whose fortunes have often been intertwined with the Nehru dynasty. The President belonged to a region other than where the Congress session was being held. The journey of Congress before independence can be divided into three different phases, Different Phases of Indian National Congress. बनर्जी. It was the culmination of a political awakening that began in the 1860s and 1870s and reached a pinnacle point in the late 1870s and early 1880s. Chandavarkar went to England as a member of the three-man delegation, which was sent to educate public opinion about India on the eve of the General Elections in England. Lord Dufferin, who was the Viceroy of India from 1885-1890, was for a long time believed to have played a key role in the setting up of the Indian National Congress. सी. The Indian National Congress was established when 72 delegates from all over the country met at Bombay in December 1885. Bonnerjea, and S. On 28 December 1885, 72 social reformers, journalists and lawyers congregated for the first session of Indian National Congress at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay. The Indian National Congress is one of the two prominent political parties in India, including the BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party). The INC was established in 1885, by A. Methods employed by the Moderates: Dec 28, 2017 · On 28 December 1885, the first session of the Indian National Congress (INC) was held at Bombay and continued till 31 December. The Indian National Congress political party was founded in 1885. The Congress caravan: the history of the Indian National Congress of India's struggle for Swaraj, 1885-1946. The first Indian National Congress session was held in 1885. Appointer. Kamaraj, seorang tokoh politik dari Tamil Nadu) merupakan sebuah partai politik di India. Created in 1885 by A. This was the first session held in Bombay and the conference was later renamed “ Indian National Congress”. Hume, who mobilized leading intellectuals of the time and, with their cooperation, organized the first session of the Indian National Congress in Bombay in December 1885. The first session of INC was presided by Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee and attended by 72 delegates from all over the country. The colloquial term for INC is Congress Party. 16, 18, 1885. The time period from 1885 to 1905 can be called the Apr 3, 2024 · National Conference (1883-1885) Organized national conferences to discuss political issues; Paved the way for the Indian National Congress; Indian National Congress (1885-1906) Played a key role in the INC’s formation; Served as President twice (1895, 1902) Advocated for moderate reforms within the British Raj; Later Life (1906-1925) May 25, 2019 · The Indian National Congress ( INC ), colloquially the Congress Party or simply the Congress, is a political party in India with deep roots in most regions of India. P. [3] A notable ornithologist, Hume has been called "the Father Apr 8, 2024 · The Indian National Congress (INC) is one of the oldest and most influential political parties in India. Maps of India - India's No. Rs. Bonerjee, an eminent lawyer of Calcutta was chosen President. Congress, 1885-1888*. It originally advocated for moderate reforms through constitutional agitation but later adopted nonviolent civil disobedience campaigns under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi in the 1920s-1940s. With the cooperation of leading intellectuals of the time, A. Jaipur. Pattabhi Sitaramayya. 1 / 6. It was originally known as the Indian Nation Union. It was started by a retired British civil servant Allan Octavian Hume along with Dadabhai Naoroji and Dinshaw Wacha. Congress Rule in India: a study Apr 9, 2022 · The establishment of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885 was neither a surprise nor a historical occurrence. 5 days ago · The Indian National Congress was founded in Bombay in December 1885. The formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885 was not a coincidental occurrence. 2015. May 28, 2024 · A national party called the Indian National Congress was formed on December 28th, 1885. Delegates from state and district parties attend an annual national conference, which elects a president and the All India Congress Committee. The early leadership – Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mehta, Badruddin Tyabji, W. Indian National Congress. Bonnerji, Surendranath Banerji, Romesh Chandra Dutt, S. W. N. “Today India has progressed as Congress has taken the courage to break The Indian National Congres s (INC), founded on 28 December 1885 by A. Tel : Jan 1, 2021 · There was a total of 72 members in the first session of the Indian National Congress. 8x. It emerged as a result of a political awakening process that began in the 1860s and 1870s, culminating in the late 1870s and early 1880s. In general, the Indian National Congress emerged out of a growing sense of Indian nationalism in the late 1800s. More specifically, it considers how the INC functioned as ‘a truly unifying force’ despite a plethora of conflicting circumstances. C. This volume proves to be of importance for those who would like to Founded in 1885, the Indian National Congress political party was central to India's independence movement and has been the dominant ruling party since 1947. Bonnerjee was the President of the 1885 session in Bombay. Indian National Congress (1885-1905) (in Hindi) Lesson 3 of 9 • 90 upvotes • 12:27mins. 49855 Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t1wd96z16 Indian National Congress and the Struggle for Freedom: 1885-1947 Indian National Congress and the Struggle for Freedom: 1885-1947 (Delhi, 2014; online edn, Aug 20, 2023 · Indian National Congress was the first political party to represent Indian natives in Sub-continent. Jun 1, 2003 · an Indian political organization. 55 Show details Hide details Indian National Congress is one of the oldest political parties in the world. The party has been at the forefront of Indian politics for more than a century and has played a pivotal role in shaping India into the modern nation that it is today. Bonnerjee, and D. Over 70 self-appointed delegates from across India participated in the Congress's first meeting. Seventy delegates, most of whom were lawyers, educationalists and journalists, attended the convention in which the Indian National Congress was established. President: 1844-1906 (Bombay, 1885, Allahabad, 1892) Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee was born on 29 December 1844, in Calcutta in an upper middle class Brahmin family of considerable social standing. His career began in 1862 when he joined the firm of W. Initially, it served as a platform for Indian leaders to voice grievances and demand reforms within the British colonial system. In the 1920s and ’30s party leader Mahatma Gandhi supported nonviolent acts of Full of these ideas he saw the noble Marquis when he went to Simla early in 1885 after having in the December previous assumed the Viceroyalty of India. Mar 7, 2024. Brass , Francis Robinson Chanakya Publications , 1987 - History - 480 pages INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS A SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Compiled by Santosh Bakshi and Sunita Gulati BOOKS AIYAR, R. C. Two sessions of the conference were held in 1883 and 1885, and these sessions drew representatives from all major President of the Indian National Congress. Allan Octavian Hume invited the Indian leaders and the then viceroy of India Lord Dufferin to Bombay in 1885 to form a national-level organisation. He supported the idea of self-governance by Indians. It was the culmination of a process of political awakening that began in the 1860s and 1870s and reached a tipping point The Indian National Congress (INC) was established in 1885 and it grew to become one of the most important political parties in pre-independence India. Sessions First Session: held at Bombay in 1885. Dec 28, 2019 · history of india | Episode 63 | all Indian national congress 1885 | Indian national congress 1885 | hindustan ki tareekh | hindustan | Urdu | Hindi | Chapter Feb 14, 2019 · First session of INC was held from 28 31 December 1885 . dli. Click the card to flip 👆. 2 days ago · Indian National Congress - Policy, Structure, Ideology: The Congress Party is a hierarchically structured party. ernet. In 1886, this organization merged with the Indian National Congress. The Indian National Congress (INC) has been around longer than any other Indian political party, having been founded in 1885. 55 Show details Hide details THE MAKING OF THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT: 1870S-1947 143 The need for an all-India organisation of educated Indians had been felt since 1880, but the Ilbert Bill controversy deepened this desire. Dec 28, 2023 · The Indian National Congress (INC) was founded on December 28, 1885. From The Moderate Congress (1885-1905) The moderates contributed significantly in Indian freedom struggle. Dec 28, 2022 · 1x 1. The Indian National Congress (INC), a political party of India was formed in 1885, INC was formed in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume, a retired British civil servant. Explore The Ultimate Guide to IAS Exam Preparation. Hume, along with Dadabahi Naorji and Dinshaw Edulji Wacha at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay. Jul 20, 2021 · Founded in 1885 under the guidance of British civil servant Allan Octavian Hume, the Indian National Congress (INC), popularly known as the Congress, is the country’s oldest political party. and L. Over time, though, the INC Sep 30, 2023 · The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 under the leadership of A. Wacha dominated the Indian National Congress. This chapter examines the founding of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume and others and the dissension within the organisztion that eventually led to the split between the Extremists and the Moderates. The founder of Indian National Congress is Allan Octavian Hume, a former Indian Civil Services Officer. Lord Dufferin took great interest in the matter and after considering over it for some time he sent for Mr. BHANDARE. THE FOUNDING YEARS (1885-1900 ) THE PRE INDEPENDENCE ERA (1900-1947 ) Indian National Congress. Lala Lajpat Rai's Congress Safety Valve Theory Lala Lajpat Rai, the "Punjab Kesari," was a renowned Indian freedom fighter. Recently elected party president Mallikarjun Kharge addressed party workers at the All India Congress Committee headquarters in New Delhi. Prominent Indian leaders, driven by a shared vision of change, initiated the formation of the party. Mar 21, 2013 · The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 in Bombay with the objective of gaining greater self-governance for Indians from the British Raj. 1886, 1893: Dadabhai Naoroji was the president of the Calcutta conference in 1886. Founded on 28 December 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa. Pattabhi Sitaramayya, the book is divided into two volumes and it traces the history of the Indian National Congress from the year 1885 to 1935. The year 1885 was a watershed moment in this process, because it was then that the Dec 18, 2017 · A centenary history of the Indian National Congress : 1885-1985, Volume 1 by Pande, Bishambhar N. Who was the Viceroy of British India when the Indian National Congress was started in 1885? Answer: Lord Dufferin. It began as a party which simply wanted to influence British policy in India, then transformed to be at the helm of India ’s nationalist movement, before becoming a hegemonic force in post-Independence India, and finally seeing a decline that is still ongoing today. O. P. Starting as an organisation comprising only of the educated elite in India, it later became a party of commoners with prominent leaders like Lajpat Rai, Bal First Session of the Congress: The Journey Begins. Indian National Congress (INC) was formed by A. 1 Maps Site Maps of India Map of Indian National Congress Sessions: Print: Email : Free Download: Jun 6, 2024 · 2. Originally known as the Indian Nation Union, the establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885 was not a coincidence. The Congress was founded in 1885 by Indian and British activists who were opposed to the British Raj. MCQ On Indian National Congress 1. “Origin and Composition of the Congress,” Report of the First Indian National Congress, 1885, p. In the fight for Indian independence from British colonial control, the establishment of the Indian National Congress was a critical factor. Hume’s project would not be of much use. 9 lessons • 1h Feb 1, 2014 · It divides the history of the INC and its involvement in the struggle for freedom in four phases: the first phase (1885-1907) covers the period from the founding of the INC to the split between Nov 17, 2016 · The first session of the Indian National Congress was held on December 28, 1885. This organisation was to help more Indians participate and help the British in the governance of India. Publication date 1985 Topics Hind Swaraj, Indian National Congress Jul 23, 2016 · India: New India 1885: British official policy and the emergence of the Indian National Congress By Briton Martin Jr. Mar 13, 2023 · The Indian national congress foundation was led by the leaders Allan Octavian Hume, Dinshaw Edulji Wacha and Dadabhai Naoroji in 1885. Jan 21, 2017 · dc. The Indian National Congress is the oldest political party of India. Today it is one of the two major national political parties, other being the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and operates on the ideology of Gandhian Mar 8, 2024 · The Indian National Congress was founded on December 28, 1885, at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay, with 72 delegates in attendance. Addeddate 2017-01-21 09:16:14 Identifier in. After India ’ s independence in that year, the Congress emerged as the ruling party, and it maintained power uninterrupted for three decades (1947 – 1977). The main achievements of the congress during this period were to make itself a national body and spread political consciousness all over the country. The first session of the Indian National Congress (INC) was planned for Poona, but due to a plague outbreak in Poona, the venue was changed to Bombay. Bankimchandra also argued that the liberalism and nationalism introduced by the British were alien to the Hindus. Jan 22, 2024 · Indian National Congress. Term length. This lesson talks about the formation of the Congress, it's aims and objectives and Moderate politics. leaders of Congress like Gandhi, Motilal Nehru and Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel, Subash Chandra Bose and Azad were the leading names of Indian Independence movement. Indian National Congress in Malayalam (ഇന്ത്യൻ നാഷണൽ കോൺഗ്രസ്), ഈ വിഷയങ്ങൾ കേരള പബ്ലിക് സർവീസ് ക്സാമുക . The main objective of the Moderates was to achieve self-government within the British Empire. Gillanders, Attorneys of the Calcutta Supreme Court, as a clerk. Indian National Union refers to a series of conference sessions generally considered to be the predecessor of Indian National Congress. Mar 8, 2024 · Neha Grover. Feb 6, 2024 · The period between 1885 and 1905 is commonly referred to as the Moderate Phase, led by moderate leaders. (Hindi) Indian National Movement: 1885-1909 for UPSC/IAS Aspirants. These leaders were strong advocates of “liberalism Dec 4, 2017 · Here is a list of all Congress party presidents: 1885, 1892: W. no term limit. He was the first president of the Indian National Congress. The result was the arrangement for the first session of the Congress, called the Indian National Congress as it had received support from all parts of India, was made by Bombay Presidency Association in Gokul- das Tejpal Sanskrit College, Bombay. From the late 19th century, and especially after 1920, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, the Dec 29, 2023 · Central Idea. But a set of early Indian nationalists and a somewhat unusual British reformer came together in Bombay in 1885 to set up what was to become the primary vehicle of India’s political aspirations — the Indian National Congress. The Indian National Congress was initially focused on moderate reform under the British raj in India. Get a hint. 5x 1. India: New India 1885: British official policy and the emergence of the Indian National Congress By Briton Martin Jr. Constituting instrument. A total of 72 delegates from all of India’s provinces and presidencies joined forces to form the party. Womesh Chandra Bannerjee, a leading lawyer of Calcutta was elected its president. Nov 22, 2021 · This post MCQ On Indian National Congress are most important part of your upcoming competitive as well as board exams. A British government employee named Allan Octavian Hume founded the party. It divides the history of the INC and its involvement in the struggle for freedom in In the later 1870s and early 1880s, a solid ground had been prepared for the establishment of an all-India organization. In an effort to reach all regions, it was decided to rotate the Congress session among different parts of the country. The liberals had long held a "moderate" position between the opposed forces of revolutionary extremism and British imperialism. Oxford University Press, Bombay. 3. Hume organized the first session of the Indian National Congress in December 1885 in Bombay. He invited the convention of the Indian National Union, an organization he had already formed in 1884, to Bombay in December 1885. The INC’s journey from influencing British policy to leading India’s nationalist movement, dominating post-independence politics, and its current decline offers a rich political narrative. Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji and Sir Dinshaw Edulji Wacha, the Indian National Congress became the nation's leader in the Independence Movement, with over 15 million Indians involved in its Kongres Nasional India (bahasa Inggris: Indian National Congress, disingkat INC), dalam bahasa sehari-hari disebut sebagai Partai Kongres atau Kongres saja, yang juga dikenal sebagai Kongres I (yang berarti "Indira", untuk membedakannya dengan partai pecahannya, yang disebut "Kongres O" yang dipimpin oleh K. The final shape to this idea was given by a retired English civil servant, A. They followed a middle path and not an extreme path against British Empire. Founded in 1885, INC has a long and illustrious history of struggle and triumph. President: W. The First Indian National Congress 1885 Indian National Conference. Hume. Who gave birth to the idea? Click the card to flip 👆. वाचा।. Bannerjee Formation of Indian National Congress. Established in 1885, it played a crucial role in the country’s struggle for independence from British rule. Authored by B. These leaders were known as Moderates because they believed in the ideology of liberalism and moderate politics. Founded in 1885, Congress was not prominent until after World War I, when ‘Mahatma’ Gandhi transformed it into a mass independence movement, agitating by means of civil disobedience. On 28 Dec 1885, the Indian National Congress was founded in Bombay. 1st session after independence. title: The History Of The Indian National Congress 1885 1935. Allan Octavian Hume. Jun 15, 2020 · The Indian National Congress was founded at Bombay in December 1885. Authored by B Pattabhi Sitaramayya, the book is divided into two volumes and it traces the history of the Indian National Congress from the year 1885 to 1935. The Indian National Congress (INC) is one of the oldest and most prominent political parties in India. The party was founded during a session of the Indian National Congress held in Bombay (now Mumbai Moderate Phase (1885-1905): Reforming India, Colonial Challenges & Achievements; India’s Extremist Phase (1905-1920): Rise, Tactics, and Limitations; Surya Sen: Chittagong Raid, Struggle & Indian Republican Army; Indian Independence Committee: Anti-British Mission, Objectives, Challenges, and Conclusion Nov 14, 2023 · The foundation of Indian National Congress was done by 72 delegates at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Mumbai on December 28, 1885. The principles behind the formation of Indian National Congress (INC) is given below. The first session of the INC was proposed at Poona , but because of an outbreak of plague in Poona, the venue was shifted to Bombay. However, some early 20th-century activists began to boycott British imports and promote Indian goods, garnering the support of a wide swath of social classes. Indian nationalism arose in the latter half of the 19th century as a result of various factors like western education, socio-religious reforms, British policies and so on. At the suggestion of Dadhabai Naoroji the name of the organization was changed to Indian Nation Congress (INC). Subramania Iyer, among others – was largely from Bombay and Calcutta. 24 Akbar Road, New Delhi. At the heart of this historic moment was Allan Octavian Hume, a retired British civil servant, who played a pivotal role in giving voice to the aspirations and concerns of the Indian population. The author states that the Indian National Congress more than an organisation, is an organism, an individual, for, it was brought into being in 1885 for a set purpose. The year 1885 was a watershed moment in this process, because it was then that the Signature. The Indian National Congress was founded on December 23rd, 1885 in Bombay, India. Indian national congress was founded by Allan Octavian Hume, in the year 1885 at GokuldasTejpal Sanskrit College with 72 delegates including lawyers, social reformers, and journalists. This volume proves to be of importance for those who would like to May 18, 2018 · Founded in 1885, the Indian National Congress (INC) was at the forefront of the nationalist movement in India before 1947. Knowing the dates of Indian National Congress sessions and their presidents is important for IAS Exam. Hume and told him that, in his opinion, Mr. E. During the early years, leaders such as Dadabhai Naoroji, W. It was the only political representative of native Indians till emergence of Muslim League. - Its main objectives were: establish a powerful public opinion on political issues; bring Indians together behind a common political agenda. It was central to India's independence movement and was the dominant ruling party from 1947 until fairly recently. In its early year the congress had no permanent organization. Hume , a retired civil servant who was staying in Shimla post-retirement. Committee consisting of members of the Indian National Congress from the National and State Committees. Sep 2, 2023 · - The Indian National Association was founded as the Bharat Sabha, and its first annual conference was held in Calcutta. ALEXANDAR, HORACE GUNDRY. The first session of the INC was held in Bombay (now Mumbai) on December 28, 1885, with 72 delegates in attendance. Surendranath Banerjee and Anandamohan Bose were its main organisers. Since then, the party has been in and out of power. Shortly before the Indian National Congress was founded in 1885, N. 1970. Nandini Maharaj. It was founded in 1885. Aug 10, 2023 · The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 by educated and professional Indians who initially wanted more representation within the British colonial government. The organisation gradually grew larger. The Indian National Congress (INC), colloquially the Congress Party or simply the Congress, is a political party in India with deep roots in most regions of India. During this time, influential figures like Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozshah Mehta, D. O Hume in the year 1885. Incumbent Mallikarjun Kharge since 26 October 2022 (2022-10-26) Residence. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The Indian National Congress (1885) and the Muslim League (1906) both worked together toward the goal of national independence from which country?, Following WWI, Turkey, Persia, Saudi Arabia, and other southwest Asian countries launched independence movements, but what resource was discovered in Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Indian Liberals, uiho controlled the Indian National Congress from its inception in 1885, suffered rapid decline when the Congress was taken over by militant nationalists during the first T/orld War. Jul 7, 2016 · History of the Indian National Congress, Volume I (1885-1935)With an Introduction by Rajendra Prasad Skip to main content We’re fighting to restore access to 500,000+ books in court this week. Jan 18, 2021 · विभिन्न सत्र: पहला अधिवेशन: वर्ष 1885 में बॉम्बे में आयोजित। अध्यक्ष: डब्ल्यू. Sep 13, 2023 · Download Indian National Congress (Malayalam) Indian National Congress (English Notes) Kerala PSC Degree Level Study Notes. However, the 20-member Congress Working Committee, the majority of whose members are appointed by the party president (handpicked by the Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee. The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in December 1885 in Bombay with seventy two delegates. Nov 15, 2023 · Last session before independence. It also talks about the 1892 Indian Councils Act. 1948. Download The E-Book Now! Mar 8, 2024 · From 1885 to 1905, the Indian national movement was in its moderate phase. A. G. Allan Octavian Hume, CB ICS (4 June 1829 [1] – 31 July 1912 [2]) was a British political reformer, ornithologist, civil servant and botanist who worked in British India and founded the party Indian National Congress. When was Indian National Congress form? (a) On 28 January 1885 (b) On 28 February 1885 (c) On… Indian National Congress, Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major political party in India. Other founding members include Dadabhai Naoroji and Dinshaw Wacha. Bonnerjee was also the president of INC’s Allahabad session in 1892. वर्ष 1920 Apr 9, 2022 · The establishment of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885 was neither a surprise nor a historical occurrence. Banerjee held prominent positions in Congress and shaped its policies. In 1885, the Indian National Congress was formed which played a significant role in India’s freedom movement. Bombay: National Youth Publications, (1945) 80p. Over 70 self-appointed delegates from இந்திய தேசிய காங்கிரசு (Indian National Congress; சுருக்கமாக இதேகா பொதுவாக It was a period of gloom, as the Crown consolidated its rule, caring little for the well-being of Indians. From December 28 to December 30, 1885, they all gathered in Bombay. Hume was appointed General Secretary, and Calcutta's Womesh Chandra Bannerjee was elected President. end, Lord Ripon wrote in an urgent manner to Lord Kimberley, then Secretary of State for India, about one of the more critical questions of policy confronting the Govemment of India: "You may rely upon it that there are few Indian questions of greater. At the time, the British (first the British East India Company and later the British Government) had controlled India for almost two centuries. nr sf ya rg wo ta lk ke hr rm