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Ldap authentication methods. ru/bs7t9orm/videojs-github-download.

LDAP pluggable authentication provides these capabilities: External authentication: LDAP authentication enables MySQL Server to accept connections from users defined outside the MySQL grant tables in LDAP directories. GitLab integrates with a number of OmniAuth providers , and the following external authentication and authorization providers: LDAP: Includes Active Directory, Apple Open Directory, Open LDAP, and 389 Server. This LoginModule performs LDAP-based authentication. Feb 29, 2024 · Configure a dot1x type authentication method and point it to local only. For details on user provisioning, see Add and manage users. In the JNDI, authentication information is specified in environment properties. This is the most common authentication method; anyone who has logged in to a computer knows how to use a password. Log onto the Password Vault Web Access as a user with permission to configure platforms. In addition, Active Directory supports Oct 21, 2021 · Authentication. Certificate authentication. None are 100 percent foolproof. A client that sends an LDAP request LDAP implementations that support any authentication mechanism other than the anonymous authentication mechanism of the simple Bind method MUST support the name/password authentication mechanism of the simple Bind method (Section 5. Two methods are available for that work: Simple. This document provides proof for the user’s identification, the time the user logged in, and the authentication method they used (e. Default – Enables users to authenticate with the authentication method that is configured for them, without forcing a specific method. Peer authentication, which relies on operating system facilities to identify the process at the other end of a local connection. RFC 2829 Authentication Methods for LDAP May 2000 3. This is a Django authentication backend that authenticates against an LDAP service. A username and password is verified against the corresponding user credentials stored in an LDAP directory. The possible choices are summarized here; details are in Section 21. The supported authentication and authorization methods for SNA via LDAP are: Remote Authentication & Local Authorization; Remote Authentication & Remote Authorization (Only supported for SNA version 7. RADIUS authentication, which relies on a RADIUS authentication server. g. If omitted, the standard LDAP or LDAPS port will be used, depending on the encryption method specified with ldap-encryption-method (if any). This is not supported for remote connections. This module requires the supplied CallbackHandler to support a NameCallback and a Jun 12, 2024 · The LDAP bind configuration on the clients is configured to use the security mechanism that is defined by the LDAP server. The following table summarizes the differences between authentication mechanisms. Customizing authentication in your projects requires understanding what points of the provided system are extensible or replaceable. This is the default value. This post covers everything you need to know about LDAP, from its Starting in Maximo Application Suite 8. LoginModule. The authentication method might also have an associated transport Feb 20, 2024 · The supported EMR installed frameworks implement an LDAP-based authentication method that, given a set of user name and password credentials, validates them against the LDAP endpoint and, in the case of success, enables the use of the framework. It is, however, often used as part of the authentication process and access control processes. Otherwise, authenticationMethod is used. May 14, 2024 · There are two primary methods you can leverage to connect Linux-based devices to AD. The user object needs to be passed to LDAP again with the user credential. Password-based authentication is the most straightforward and widely used method. To configure or disable authentication methods on your Zulip server, edit the AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS setting in /etc/zulip/settings. In this tutorial, we’ll see how to perform LDAP authentication from the command line in Linux. Note: If your library uses Tipasa there are additional considerations noted in the table below. To do the search and user authentication, we’ll use the directory service access Integrate LDAP with GitLab. Signon Authentication: PhpMyAdmin can use a single sign-on (SSO) system to authenticate users. The attribute assertion is used to pass the SAML attributes to the service provider. 1 or later) Local Authorization Authentication Methods for the LDAP Naming Service. DIGEST-MD5 authentication. groupmap. py, as well as any additional configuration your chosen authentication methods require; then restart the Zulip server. For example, Unix- and Linux® based systems provide support for so called Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM). LDAP_BIND Gerrit prompts the user to enter a username and a password, which it then verifies by performing a simple bind against the configured ldap. LDAP authentication can operate in two Jul 15, 2012 · Doing a simple BIND without the FastBind control causes AD to load the user's full group membership (which is relatively expensive as group membership can be recursive). A common expression of an access control policy is an access control list. company. Configure the following settings for LDAP authentication: Grouping. Acceptable Values String Default Value - Enabled Description Whether or not the authentication module is enabled for use. The following sections describe the SASL mechanisms that are implemented by DCs. LDAP servers can store usernames, passwords, attributes and permissions and are often employed to house core user identities Apr 2, 2017 · 6. Aug 18, 2023 · 1. There are three different authentication methods that can be configured for LDAPv3. SASL is an extensible framework that makes it possible to plug almost any kind of authentication into LDAP (or any of the other protocols that use SASL). Kerberos, Two factors, etc. It is possible to change the default method to LDAP system-wide or enable LDAP authentication only In the PVWA, in the list of available authentication methods, click LDAP; the LDAP authentication page appears. If you choose anonymous or proxy authentication, use the pam_ldap module instead of the equivalent pam_unix_* modules. An authentication protocol is the method you use to accomplish that task. authentication_ldap_simple_server_port: Specify the service port, with a default value of 389. An example of an authentication provider is Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS). Jun 10, 2024 · StrongDM manages and audits access to infrastructure. The authentication that comes with Django is good enough for most common cases, but you may have needs not met by the out-of-the-box defaults. Each client or local machine lives within a “realm” – think of it as the scope of assets or services it’s allowed to access. Therefore a simple LDAP read and comparison will generally not work here. In Cloudera Manager, select the Atlas service, then open the Configuration tab. According to Microsoft, Active Directory supports 3 authentication methods on LDAP connection: Simple: Simple username/password as defined in (one of) the LDAP RFC. Unauthenticated access is requested by providing a name but no password. 3) and MUST be capable of protecting this name/password authentication using TLS as established by the StartTLS LDAP is a "lightweight" version of Directory Access Protocol (DAP), which is part of X. The daemon will not use the none authentication method. LDAP historically has been used as a database of information, primarily storing information like: Users. authentication_ldap_simple_server_host: Specify the service IP. Using SSSD, authselect, and sssctl to configure authentication and authorization. You may need to scroll down to see all of the LDAP settings. Jan 22, 2019 · For details on configuring the LDAP protocol, refer to Configuring Authentication Server Settings for LDAP below. See Authentication Mechanisms for a discussion of the authentication mechanism. LDAP is used only to validate the user name/password pairs. A secondary service, such as Kerberos, performs authentication before the user can connect. login. Property. Specifies the authentication method to use when a connection matches this record. SASL authentication uses the Simple Authentication and Security Layer, as defined in RFC 4422. 21. In the PVWA, configure LDAP In Administration → Authentication the global user authentication method to Zabbix can be specified. The FastBind control is a hint to not do this, at the cost of not being able to do searches on the directory (so it's not a full bind). For a quick demonstration, we’ll configure two authentication providers – a custom authentication provider and an in-memory authentication provider. The correct name and password connect the user to the server. The former is for LDAP simple binds, while the latter is for LDAP SASL binds (as documented in ). Jan 4, 2024 · Simply put, when multiple authentication providers are defined, the providers will be queried in the order they’re declared. Proxy user support: LDAP authentication can return to MySQL a LDAP allows you to centrally manage resources like users and systems. Oct 10, 2023 · If you are using an LDAP server (e. It is assumed that a cluster-independent service manages normal users in the following ways: an administrator distributing private keys a user store like Keystone or Google Accounts a file with a list of usernames May 1, 2000 · The authentication phase exploits the LDAP certificate-based authentication method [28], [32], which provides an adequate security level for the critical applications such as the X1. If a confirmation message appears that prompts you to restart the printer, click Change. Again, remember that log files are your friend. The Authentication Servers page opens. Dec 19, 2023 · When using LDAP (Identity Provider) servers, the ldap authentication method can be used to obtain credentials in the form of a username and password. The SASL mechanisms supported by a DC are exposed as strings in the supportedSASLMechanisms attribute of the In the LDAP, authentication information is supplied in the "bind" operation. In LDAP v2, a client initiates a connection with the LDAP server by sending the server a "bind" operation that contains the authentication information. LDAP authentication can operate in two modes. You can use one of the following authentication methods to allow the same authentication between SonarQube and your authentication system: HTTP header; LDAP; SAML with Feb 28, 2023 · The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol ( LDAP) is one of the core authentication protocols that was developed for directory services. Five authentication methods are supported for checking client access to LDAP directory services. Click Apply to save the new configuration and stay in the same page, or, May 26, 2024 · This page provides an overview of authentication. This is specific information that provides information about the user. To access this tool, log in to your server's EZproxy Administration page and click the Test LDAP link. ldap indicates that the user is to be authenticated against the LDAP directory defined by an active LDAP configuration. From the Server list, select LDAP. Users in Kubernetes All Kubernetes clusters have two categories of users: service accounts managed by Kubernetes, and normal users. For each supported authentication method, Secure Socket Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security Mar 25, 2023 · The user’s credentials are checked against the LDAP server’s user database. For specific SASL authentication mechanisms, this method can be overridden. ) Attribute. Several authentication protocols exist. readthedocs. login. Registration Procedure (s) 0-1023 Standards Action (can not start with e- or x-) 1024-4095 Expert Review with Specification Required (can not start with e- or x-) 4096-16383 First Come First Served (Shall start with e-) 16384 and higher Private Use (Shall start with x-) Expert (s) Rolf Sonneveld, Andrew Findlay. RFC 4513 LDAP Authentication Methods June 2006 The set of security mechanisms provided in LDAP and described in this document is intended to meet the security needs for a wide range of deployment scenarios and still provide a high degree of interoperability among various LDAP implementations and deployments. 2. 1. In most cases, Vault will delegate the authentication administration and decision to the relevant Feb 13, 2024 · Previously the only primary methods available in AD FS were built in methods for Active Directory or Microsoft Entra multifactor authentication, or other LDAP authentication stores. Group membership privileges. For nearly 3 decades, organizations have been using the LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) for user management, attributes, and authentication. In this configuration the web server is not involved in the user authentication process. Authenticating to the LDAP by Using the JNDI. Auth methods. This method sends username and password in clear text, which is a great security concern. 19. Simple Simple authentication is not recommended for production deployments not using the LDAP secure protocol since it sends a cleartext password over the network. You must choose from one of two possible LDAP-authentication methods described below, and then set the field 'AUTH_METHOD' in accordingly. Active Directory supports only simple and SASL authentication mechanisms. For more information on how to use this tool, see Test LDAP Authentication. authentication is set to GSSAPI. 0. Also known as knowledge-based authentication, password-based authentication relies on a username and password or PIN. 3. Open LDAP. When creating a user, specify the authentication method as LDAP Jan 19, 2023 · User authentication is the validation of a user's identity against an authentication provider, which is a directory or database that contains the user's credentials and can confirm the user submitted them correctly. About this Help This online help was created for Forcepoint Next Generation Firewall (Forcepoint NGFW) , version 7. Access Control Policy An access control policy is a set of rules defining the protection of resources, generally in terms of the capabilities of persons or other entities accessing those resources. From an LDAP perspective, the frameworks for authenticating to LDAP follow: Simple bind, in which an application provides a DN and the clear text password for that DN. Let’s first add the necessary Spring May 28, 2024 · Authentication is the process of confirming that a user is who that person claims to be. When a LDAP user logs into BookStack for the first time their BookStack profile will be created and they will be given the default role set under the ‘Default user role after registration’ option in the application settings. g: OpenLDAP): n Note: There are two different script templates "authc-create-ad-config" and "authc-create-ldap-config. Mar 18, 2024 · Clients usually provide authentication information to an LDAP server. LDAP can certainly be used as a way to authenticate a username and password. Each method offers: user identity management; authentication; user and group provisioning group synchronization (optional for JIT provisioning) Supported authentication methods. In this article, we will take a deep dive into the security assertion markup language (SAML) and lightweight dictionary access protocol (LDAP) authentication methods, their differences, similarities, and implications. Oct 17, 2019 · In LDAP, authentication is supplied in the "bind" operation. attribute = group: Informational Note: The value of the "authentication-ldap. On the Basic Configuration step define a Name for the authentication method, and specify the Location as a path to the virtual folder where you want to create the new authentication Mar 13, 2023 · The Basics of LDAP Authentication. In System configuration, select Options, then right-click Authentication methods and select Create New. Password are typically case sensitive. The most common method is Basic, and this is the method implemented by mod_auth_basic. By default, the authentication method is none, which implies anonymous access. – ig0774. Simple Authentication. 4 Configure the user authentication method. Select which Authentication method to Enable or Disable from the PVWA Login page The 'Enabled' and 'MobileEnabled' parameters can be set to 'Yes' or 'No' - Windows - PKI - CyberArk - RADIUS - LDAP - SAML 3. Click ADMINISTRATION, then in the System Configuration page click Options; the Web Access Options are displayed. Find your authentication method below to learn more about authentication requirements and patron load process. ¶. In the ID section, set pkipn. Jan 2, 2024 · LDAP delete; LDAP bind; Authentication is supplied in the "LDAP bind" operation. Code Snippet. Active Directory only supports NTLM as an authentication 8. Configuration can be as simple as a single distinguished name template, but there are many rich configuration options for working with users, groups, and permissions. LDAP Authentication. LDAP, however, does not define how you log into those systems, meaning it does not define the actual protocols that are used in authentication. On TCP/IP networks -- including the SSH Key - Select this option for either a private key file or for smart card authentication. Auth methods are the components in Vault that perform authentication and are responsible for assigning identity and a set of policies to a user. In this article, we’ll cover how to authenticate a user with LDAP using pure Java. LDAP authentication methods. SASL authentication is performed with a SASL mechanism name and an encoded set of credentials. Kerberos credentials authentication. Please review Clarity SaaS Authentication in the Google Cloud Platform to learn more about authentication in the GCP data center. A client that sends a LDAP request without doing a "bind" is treated as an anonymous client. Tier: Free, Premium, Ultimate. If this property is uncommented, it changes the meaning of the left part of "authentication-ldap. 1 defines an authentication structure for a BindRequest that contains three alternatives: simple, krbv42LDAP, and krbv42DSA. You can configure Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) to authenticate and authorize users to services, such as Red Hat Identity Management (IdM), Active Directory (AD), and LDAP directories. This eliminates the need to duplicate user configurations across various locations when integrating Vault into environments that already utilise LDAP. windows/pki/ cyberark/ radius/ ldap/ saml Default Value - DisplayName Description The display name of the authentication method. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is a standards-based protocol that sits on top of TCP/IP and allows clients to perform a variety of operations in a directory server, including storing and retrieving data, searching for data matching a given set of criteria, authenticating clients, and more. The LDAP server settings appear. config-name: This name is only an identifier for the authentication configuration being added to NetWorker. "simple" method. Two-Factor Authentication: PhpMyAdmin can use two-factor authentication (2FA) to increase The AuthMethod field of the user specification, created with the p4 user command, specifies the authentication method to be used for that user. LDAP authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a user by validating their Jan 29, 2022 · With this configuration, the LDAP groups from the AD Server are mapped to built-in or custom SNA roles. 11, SAML authentication supports the following types of global configuration: Non-Default (either local or ldap is default) When SAML is configured but not the default identity provider (IdP), the option to log in by using SAML is available on the Maximo Application Suite login page as an alternative option. LDAP. Step 5. … and more. Search for the DN (distinguished name) of the user to be authenticated. 3. *" (see above) as follows: This authentication method operates similarly to password except that it uses LDAP as the password verification method. user/password authenticated. txt file. Learn how SSO compares with other authentication methods. server. LDAP authentication can operate in two Jan 29, 2024 · section 4. This was released as an open standard in 1993. Authentication methods . Azure NetApp . 10/26/2021. Expand Privileged Session Management, then General Settings, and then Server Settings. You'll learn about each use case and which access protocol to use for your Aug 19, 2018 · Gerrit can also use kerberos if ldap. Type the user’s name and password as they are specified in the LDAP directory, then click Sign in; the Vault authenticates the user’s information in the LDAP directory, then grants them access to the Vault. May 7, 2024 · Before any search commences, the LDAP must authenticate the user. 0 . com -s sub -b 'dc=europe,dc=com' "uid=XYZ". Sometimes, they are user name and password exchanges in plain text (simple). GitLab integrates with LDAP - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol to support user authentication. LDAP authentication, which relies on an LDAP authentication server. The bind command is always the preferred method. All of the following authentication method are supported for both LDAP and CyberArk users. ldap-encryption-method LDAP, which stands for Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, is a widely adopted protocol for accessing and managing directory information services. This is important because LDAP requires the DN to authenticate the user. Feb 6, 2024 · Configuring EZproxy for LDAP authentication is as simple as copying and pasting the stanza generated with your LDAP values and this tool into the user. 5 LDAP SASL Mechanisms. Documentation version: 5. GitLab authentication and authorization. Maven Dependencies. In this blog post, we’ll explore three common authentication methods supported by PostgreSQL: Password-based authentication, LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol), and PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules). 1X authenticator here (although the user database is on LDAP, but that is the authorization method job). In all cases, Vault will enforce authentication as part of the request processing. Classic PPM. This document describes authentication methods (SSO, LDAP, SAML) available for the on-premise and SaaS editions of. The two LDAP authentication methods described here are well known in the computer industry. Based on that, the LDAP server then figures out how much access to give the client. Let’s see it with naked eyes. Offering: Self-managed. CRAM-MD5 authentication. The authentication information supplied in the "bind" operation depends on the authentication mechanism that the client chooses. Bind as user to be authenticated using DN from step 3. sasl_interactive_bind_s(). Other terms for authentication provider are The AuthType directive selects the method that is used to authenticate the user. " Ensure that you are using the correct template for the authentication platform in use. A directory tells the user where in the network something is located. LDAP is considered lightweight because it uses a smaller amount of code than other protocols. Apple Open Directory. It is important to be aware, however, that Basic authentication sends the password from the client to the server unencrypted. By default, Zabbix uses internal Zabbix authentication for all users. The Negotiate Authentication Protcol use case describes how a client and a server application can negotiate to select an agreed-on common authentication protocol. Traditionally, NFS has given two options in order to control access to exported files. They are: Simple authentication. 389 Server. Figure 25: Negotiate authentication protocol. LDAP Authentication #. This approach requires IT teams to reconfigure Linux-based devices to leverage LDAP’s pluggable authentication module (PAM). Also, we’ll look at different authentication methods that apply here. They record details of every login attempt and can be used for quick troubleshooting when authentication is not working as expected. User access can be further restricted to those users who belong to a particular Django Authentication Using LDAP. callback(cb_id, challenge, prompt, defresult) ¶. No Exception means - Authenticated Successfully. The LDAP server settings are enabled. This class is used with ldap. Advanced LDAP Topics Authentication Methods. Since AD authentication largely focuses on the Kerberos protocol, IT teams must manually manage the entire authentication Jul 24, 2018 · Kerberos is a protocol that uses strong key cryptography for authentication in large client-server systems, unlike LDAP which checks for key-value pairs like username-password to authenticate users. The pam_ldap module is more flexible, supports stronger authentication methods, and can perform account management. Create an LDAP Authentication Method from the Akeyless Console. This integration works with most LDAP-compliant directory servers, including: Microsoft Active Directory. And you often see TACACS being used as an authentication method for network devices. Jul 11, 2024 · The process for adding new patron data can depend on your library's authentication method. 1. Password-based authentication. Anonymous - Used when only read-only access to non-protected entries and attributes is needed when binding to the LDAP server. Attributes about those users. Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL), which provides several additional authentication methods, including CRAM-MD5, DIGEST-MD5, EXTERNAL, GSSAPI, and OS400-PRFTKN. Choose your method carefully, however, and you will reduce the risk of hacking and data theft. Select the Enable LDAP Server check box. Log in to the Akeyless Console, go to Users & Auth Methods > New > LDAP, and click on Next →. Password policy : the default is a minimum of 6 alphanumeric, mixed case characters. The callback method will be called by the sasl_bind_s () method several times. User authentication with LDAP works on the basis of a client-server model, in which the client is the system requesting access to information and the server is the LDAP server itself. Anonymous access is requested by providing no name and no password to the "simple" bind operation. Authentication Methods specify the allowed authentication methods for the users stored on the Active Directory or LDAP server. Jul 9, 2024 · 1. Another common authentication protocol you might see used is LDAP or the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. 8. Oct 12, 2023 · LDAP authentication. For that, RHEL uses the System Security Services Daemon (SSSD) to communicate Sep 7, 2012 · The Principle is:-. LDAP Authentication To use LDAP authentication, you need to add the LDAP service into the FE node configuration first. NFS Security with AUTH_SYS and Export Controls. LDAPObject. Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL). This authentication method operates similarly to password except that it uses LDAP as the password verification method. When you assign the proxy or proxy-anonymous credential level to a client, you must also select a method by which the proxy is authenticated. Goal: To select an authentication protocol that both the client computer and server computer system support. If the enableShadowUpdate switch is set to true, the ldap_cachemgr daemon binds to the LDAP server by using the authentication method that is defined in the serviceAuthenticationMethod parameter of passwd-cmd, if the method is defined. Each time it will provide the id, which tells us what kind of information Authentication Setup. This authentication method uses LDAP as the password cerification method. public static boolean authenticateJndi(String username, String password) throws Exception{. Configuring Authentication Server Settings for Kerberos: On the Network Login window, select Kerberos (Windows ADS), then click Next. LDAP ModifyRequest Operations. In other cases, binds are secured through Simple Authentication and Security Layer methods (sasl) such as Kerberos or LDAP over TLS. MySQL uses LDAP to fetch user, credential, and group information. That may be summarized as (experiment in command line): $ ldapsearch -x -h ldap. The available methods are internal, HTTP, LDAP and SAML authentication. Customizing authentication in Django ¶. All the options are lower case and treated case sensitively, so even acronyms like ldap must be specified as lower case. You can assign this method when you create or edit a CyberArk user or when you edit an LDAP user. LDAP v3 supports three types of authentication: anonymous, simple and SASL authentication. May 5, 2023 · authentication-ldap. Unencrypted LDAP uses the standard port of 389, while LDAPS uses port 636. Bind as the application user. Else Authentication Failed. Furthermore, we’ll explore how to search for a user’s distinguished name (DN). 4. Sicily: This legacy protocol is another protocol to negotiate underlying authentication method. V1 platform Oct 26, 2021 · Article. auth-method. CLI command: aaa authentication dot1x ldapauth local. 500, a standard for directory services in a network. First, the server restricts which hosts are allowed to mount which file systems either by IP address or by host name. The LDAP "simple" method has three modes of operation: anonymous, unauthenticated, and. Password-based Authentication Overview. Unless you manually configured your LDAP server to do otherwise, your LDAP server probably listens on port 389. First Lookup the user using a admin or DN user. 10. To set up LDAP-based authentication add or modify the following variables in your . 7. To display the authentication settings, type "authentication" in the Search box. Zulip supports a wide variety of authentication methods. io/. @Exported public class LdapLoginModule extends Object implements LoginModule. Therefore the user must already exist in the database before LDAP can be used for authentication. In the Authentication Methods section, create a new authentication method: Log in with the Administrator user. It would be tempting to point to the LDAP server group but it is the WLC itself that acts as the 802. Some of them require configuration to set up. This value will override the default display name. env file: Aug 11, 2021 · The Ultimate Guide. Authentication method. attribute" should specify the name of a single LDAP attribute. In the LDAP v3, this operation serves the same purpose, but it is optional. External methods could be configured as “additional” authentication, which takes place after primary authentication has successfully completed. For the authentication method name, specify pkipn. The following diagram summarizes how the authentication flow works. In that time, the protocol has expanded and evolved to meet changing IT environments and business needs. Feedback. You can also set the 'DefaultMethod' and 'MobileDefaultMethod' to a specific authentication method 2. Documentation: https://django-auth-ldap. Set Enabled to Yes. It provides a standardized method for storing and retrieving data in a hierarchical directory structure. Introduction. Second, the server enforces file system permissions for users on NFS clients in the 12. Click Apply to save changes. SASL is described in [RFC2222] , and the usage of SASL and other authentication methods in LDAP is described in [RFC2829]. From the IP Address/DNS Name drop-down list, select whether to use the IP address or DNS name to contact your primary LDAP server. LDAP Authentication is an Authentication Method which involves LDAP DSA and is performed through the use of a Bind Request and the various Authentication Methods are described in Bind Authentication Methods Bind Request Requires a DN # Generally, you can ONLY perform a bind Request with the fully distinguished name, DN, of the entry. The user’s credentials are checked against the SSO system’s user database. 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