Figure 2: Launching training workloads with LLM Foundry on an AMD system (Left) is exactly the same as on an NVIDIA system (Right). 5 next year while for now is just their AMD HIP version going up against NVIDIA's mature CUDA back-end and then the newer OptiX back-end that allows making use of the RT cores on the modern GeForce RTX graphics cards. 432s 1s/step. running stuff on GPUs as a primary computational unit instead of Dec 15, 2023 · AMD's RX 7000-series GPUs all liked 3x8 batches, while the RX 6000-series did best with 6x4 on Navi 21, 8x3 on Navi 22, and 12x2 on Navi 23. Closing that gap will take time. ROCm is optimized for Generative AI and HPC applications, and is easy to migrate existing code into. 8. Nvidia (NASDAQ:NVDA) maintains its AI leadership with 70% global market control of high-performance Oct 1, 2021 · Currently, Nvidia GPUs are the major platforms for DL workloads, and the corresponding software stack, i. get_device_name()` or `tensor. It should get better very soon this year with the launch of Frontier. ROCm is far from perfect but it is far better than the hit peice you posted would lead some people to believe. HIP uses the best available development tools on each platform: on NVIDIA GPUs, HIP code compiles using NVCC and can employ the Nsight profiler and debugger (unlike OpenCL on NVIDIA GPUs). The ambitious ROCm project builds a complete open source ecosystem around the once-very-proprietary world of GPU-accelerated high-performance computing. OpenVINO - A free toolkit facilitating the optimization of a Deep Learning model. The Internet is flooded with CUDA support which makes life easier for NVidia Jul 28, 2023 · The HIP SDK, part of AMD's ROCm platform, wants to bridge that gap, allowing developers to convert CUDA applications into C++ code that will work on Nvidia and AMD graphics cards. Oct 18, 2023 · The post AMD vs. Dec 5, 2023 · The benchmark was performed on an Nvidia V100 GPU. 5 adds a --rocm flag to support GPU compute with the ROCm framework using AMD Radeon GPU cards. Despite the stated simplicity of porting CUDA applications to the ROCm Jun 30, 2023 · They used the ROCm libraries to replace CUDA, and PyTorch 2. AMD ROCm™ is an open software stack including drivers, development tools, and APIs that enable GPU programming from low-level kernel to end-user applications. 15 CUDA but 2. Assuming you have PyTorch ROCm installed correctly, use Jun 10, 2022 · This week's release of Blender 3. “As important as the hardware is, software is what really drives innovation,” Lisa Su said, talking about the ROCm, which is releasing in the coming week. Answer: AMD’s Stream Processors and NVIDIA’s CUDA Cores serve the same purpose, but they don’t operate the same way, primarily due to differences in the GPU architecture. 762ms/step. ) Mar 7, 2024 · Here's a short and handy guide. This is likely the most recognized difference between the two as CUDA runs on only NVIDIA GPUs while OpenCL is an open industry standard and runs on NVIDIA, AMD, Intel, and other hardware devices. Feb 6, 2024 · Nvidia was one of the first companies to embrace this concept, and they developed CUDA as a way to make GPGPU more accessible to developers. The current tech industry relies heavily on CUDA. These specifications aren’t ideal for cross-brand GPU comparison, but they can provide a performance Apr 19, 2024 · 二、nvidia cuda与amd rocm技术生态对比. There was interest by some Phoronix readers in also seeing NVIDIA CUDA results even though OptiX is 나무위키:대문 - 나무위키 Dec 15, 2023 · Intel's CEO has called out NVIDIA's CUDA as being a shallow moat & that the entire industry is motivated to end its dominance in AI. HIP provides device-level control over memory allocation and placement. Fairly recently I have been using Intel TBB to do development in C/C++ successfully. Feb 12, 2024 · Under ROCm, AMD introduced HIP (Heterogeneous-compute Interface for Portability) which allows developers to translate CUDA source code to run on AMD hardware with the help of HIPIFY tools Jun 18, 2021 · AMD C++ BOLT or ROCM vs NVIDIA Thrust or CUDA vs Intel TBB. Feb 13, 2024 · AMD's CUDA Implementation Built On ROCm Is Now Open Source. 0, an open-source Python-like programming language which enables researchers with no CUDA experience to write highly efficient GPU code—most of the time on par with what an expert would be able to produce. OpenCL’s functions on locations and dimensions (get_global_id (0) and such) on the other had, are often more appreciated than what CUDA offers. Dec 2, 2022 · NVIDIA describes CUDA as a parallel computing platform and application programming interface (API) that allows the software to use specific GPUs for general-purpose processing. Although still in beta, it adds a very important new feature: out of the box support on ROCm, AMDs alternative to CUDA. OpenCL has not been up to the same level in either support or performance. 2, . A major hurdle for developers seeking alternatives to Nvidia has been CUDA, Nvidia’s proprietary programming model and API. Jul 28, 2021 · Introducing Triton: Open-source GPU programming for neural networks. I have seen some people say that the directML processes images faster than the CUDA model. 1. rocm-opencl-runtime: Part of AMD's ROCm GPU compute stack, officially supporting GFX8 and later cards (Fiji, Polaris, Vega), with unofficial and partial support for Navi10 based cards. And it enables me to do stable diffusion and play vidya. g. We sat down with ROCm Senior Director Greg Stoner to find out why ROCm Feb 7, 2023 · In short, Nvidia uses uses CUDA, and AMD uses ROCM. Nvidia isn’t sharing their tech with AMD, so AMD is essentially creating a software layer We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. That YC link has a lot of good conterpoints as well. On Server GPUs, ZLUDA can compile CUDA GPU code to run in one of two modes: Fast mode, which is faster, but can make exotic (but correct) GPU code hang. Is that fair? I think yes, especially since rocRAND’s developers claimed to have performance parity with cuRAND on Nvidia GPUs. In the past this was possible by installing docker containers which have custom built support for ROCm with PyTorch. Though the Nvidia stack is more Apr 5, 2016 · A best thing would be to mix for the best, as CUDA’s “shared” is much more clearer than OpenCL’s “local”. Last week with the release of Blender 3. IMO there are two big things holding back AMD kn the GPGPU sector: their lack of focus and lower budget. It offers several programming models: HIP ( GPU-kernel-based programming ), OpenMP The setup of CUDA development tools on a system running the appropriate version of Windows consists of a few simple steps: Verify the system has a CUDA-capable GPU. Intel claims that the new Gaudi 3 accelerator delivers "50% on average better inference and 40% on Apr 10, 2024 · In response to the ubiquity of CUDA, AMD -- a competitor to both Nvidia and Intel -- has invested in its own ROCm platform and developer ecosystem -- an open source stack for GPU computing -- while providing CUDA porting capabilities that give developers the option to migrate CUDA code so that it can run on ROCm. As long as the host has a driver and library installation for CUDA/ROCm Feb 12, 2024 · AMD GPU owners can now effortlessly run CUDA libraries and apps within ROCm through the use of ZLUDA, an Open-Source library that effectively ports NVIDIA CUDA apps over to ROCm that does not Nov 8, 2021 · 1. is_available () to check the availability of I Don't know about windows but here on linux vega is supported on rocm/hip & rocm/opencl and for polaris support rocm/hip , but needs to be compiled from source with additional settings to support rocm/opencl , ROCM devs says that it is supported but not tested or validated its kinda of an "un-official" official support , but blender still doesn't support HIP on linux at All in Any GPU so we We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. 04 LTS. People need to understand that ROCm is not targeted at DIY coders. CUDA 11 enables you to leverage the new hardware capabilities to accelerate HPC, genomics, 5G Nov 12, 2021 · According to my tests, the usage of local on-chip shared memory doesn’t seem to bring any performance benefit in Vulkan compute shaders on Nvidia GPUs. Apr 5, 2024 · Some of the key factors to consider include: Performance vs. However, their lack of Tensor Cores or the equivalent makes their deep learning performance poor compared to NVIDIA GPUs. Test that the installed software runs correctly and communicates with the hardware. For full details about the card, you can check out our previous coverage. Commands that run, or otherwise execute containers ( shell, exec) can take an --rocm option, which will setup the container’s environment to use a Radeon GPU and the basic ROCm libraries to run a ROCm enabled application. Jan 30, 2023 · Not in the next 1-2 years. ROCm™ is AMD’s open source software platform for GPU-accelerated high performance computing and machine learning. Apr 4, 2024 · CUDA runtime version: 10. 18. Unlike Nvidia's CUDA with PyTorch, you don't need specific code to choose your Radeon GPU. Jun 4, 2019 · Ironically, Nvidia CUDA-based GPUs can run OpenCL but apparently not as efficiently as AMD cards according to this article. Figure 3 Relative performance comparison of select data sets running in SYCL vs CUDA on Nvidia-A100. AMD and Microsoft Jun 12, 2024 · Intel is pricing its Gaudi 2 and Gaudi 3 AI chips much cheaper than Nvidia’s H100 chips. In contrast, Nvidia’s CUDA cores are scalar processors organized within streaming multiprocessors (SMs). Depending on this version I installed compatible PyTorch using the command conda install pytorch==1. 在同等算力条件下，既使用 rocm 转译后，上层还是 cuda，下层换成rocm 软件栈，这块操作系统 HIP (ROCm) semantics. GPGPU support for AMD has been hairy over the last few years. Key features include: HIP is very thin and has little or no performance impact over coding directly in CUDA mode. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. HIP is ROCm’s C++ dialect designed to ease conversion of CUDA applications to portable C++ code. 2 brings AMD GPU rendering support on Linux via AMD's HIP interface in conjunction with their ROCm compute stack. AMD GPUs are great in terms of pure silicon: Great FP16 performance, great memory bandwidth. 2. As its counterpart, AMD GPUs and the associated ROCm [11], MIopen [12], and RCCL [13] stack, provide a similar ecosystem for DL applications. This is an important step forward for AMD, as CUDA has been one of NVIDIA’s biggest moats, especially in AI-accelerated workloads. Feb 21, 2021 · The State Of ROCm For HPC In Early 2021 With CUDA Porting Via HIP, Rewriting With OpenMP. You can see the list of devices with rocminfo. But with ZLUDA, you can enjoy NAMD 2. Dec 13, 2018 · This article provides a fresh look at the Linux GPU compute performance for NVIDIA and AMD. See full list on medium. com) 29. Hello AMD Devs, I am searching the WWW where I can create solutions that can coexist with GPU,SIMD and of-course the CPU. com GPU Selection. And to drop-in some knowledge here: all of this kind of runs under the banner of “General Purpose Computing on Graphics Processing Units” (GPGPU) i. Discover Zhihu's platform for free expression and writing on any topic of interest. Portability. That being said, the GPGPU applications by comparing two modern GPGPU platforms: CUDA and ROCm. 28 Comments. I used GeForce RTX 2080 Ti, driver 496. Jan 23, 2024 · 7. 2, and Jun 7, 2021 · CPU, GPU, and “MIC” (Xeon Phi). rocm 兼容 cuda 难点: 转译带来性能损失+cuda 算子库更新后需重新适配. Other alternatives like UXL or varying combinations of PyTorch and stick with nvidia. Install the NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit. 189. 9. Because of this, more CPU <-> GPU copies are performed when using a DML device as opposed to the classic GPU device. CUDA’s “<<< >>>” breaks all C/C++ compilers, making it very hard to make a Jun 14, 2022 · Page 1 of 3. CUDA - It provides everything you need to develop GPU-accelerated applications. CUDA, which stands for Compute Unified Device Architecture, is a parallel computing platform and programming model Jun 30, 2023 · Figure 1: PyTorch operations such `torch. Nvidia: Investing in the AI Chip Showdown appeared first on InvestorPlace. to(‘cuda:0’)` map to ROCm and RCCL operations and work out of the box with no code changes. Apr 13, 2023 · AMD introduced Radeon Open Compute Ecosystem (ROCm) in 2016 as an open-source alternative to Nvidia's CUDA platform. I also have intel extreme edition processor and 256 gb of ram to just throw data around like I dont care about anything. Now, if I run the command torch. The disparity is pretty large. 当英伟达硬件更新, 对应算子库更新， rocm 需重新适配，适配过程中，rocm 用户用不了相关功能b. Optimized GPU Software Stack. Interested in hearing your opinions. Michael Larabel writes via Phoronix: While there have been efforts by AMD over the years to make it easier to port codebases targeting NVIDIA's CUDA API to run atop HIP/ROCm, it still requires work on the part of developers. 5 ms) on Nvidia Vulkan than on CUDA or on Vulkan with other manufacturers’ GPU. , "-1") Feb 12, 2024 · NAMD has long offered NVIDIA CUDA optimized builds for this molecular dynamics software albeit only for 2. (phoronix. e. ROCm supports AMD's CDNA and RDNA GPU architectures, but the list is reduced to NVIDIA, AMD, and Intel are the major companies which design and produces GPUs for HPC providing each its own suite CUDA, ROCm, and respectively oneAPI. 7. With all latest nvidia drivers, CUDA, cudnn and cudart installed. Aug 15, 2022 · Where Nvidia’s CUDA and AMD’s ROCm focus on accelerating vector workloads using a GPU’s innate vector capabilities, the oneAPI initiative aims to define a unified programming environment, toolset, and library for a computing world that now encompasses all four workload types listed above. 14 CUDA builds accelerated on Radeon GPUs with pretty good performance without any source changes and in fact just using Hacker News Performance comparsion: AMD with ROCm vs NVIDIA with cuDNN? #173. 243. 1 torchvision==0. 3 also adds official support for the dual-slot variant of AMD's W7900 workstation GPU. 19 kernel paired with the ROCm 1. Growth of blockchain compute demand outside gaming exposing untapped potential for AMD and AMD/ATI. 49, Vulkan 1. ROCm targets HPC Jun 19, 2024 · ROCm 6. Open For comparison, the same command being run on a Tesla P100-PCIE-16GB (CUDA==9. The flexible and efficient application of dense linear algebra is crucial within deep learning and the broader GPU computing ecosystem. (Disable ram caching/page in windows Apr 15, 2024 · As for ROCm vs CUDA, ROCm is a more ambitious platform than CUDA is. ZLUDA can use AMD server GPUs (as tested with Instinct MI200) with a caveat. Also OpenCL provides for CPU fallback and as such code maintenance is easier while on the other hand AMD GPUs & ROCm. x also. Earlier this month Blender 3. There are rather large teams at AMD working on this and it's making pretty significant progress. 2 cudatoolkit=11. Earlier this month at the virtual FOSDEM 2021 conference was an interesting presentation on how European developers are preparing for AMD-powered supercomputers and beginning to figure out the best approaches for converting existing NVIDIA CUDA GPU code to May 23, 2024 · AMD ROCm vs. We’re releasing Triton 1. AMD released the Radeon Open Compute Ecosystem (ROCm) for GPU-based parallel computing about a year ago. 1 binary packages for Ubuntu 18. PyTorch ROCm allows you to leverage the processing power of your AMD Radeon GPU for deep learning tasks within PyTorch. 2 bringing AMD HIP support for Linux to provide for Radeon GPU acceleration, I posted some initial benchmarks of AMD Radeon RX 6000 series with HIP against NVIDIA RTX with OptiX. io) Fascinating, despite the significantly better specs (and VRAM) on the AMD MI300x, the Nvidia H100 seems to match performance at lower batch sizes, and only loses out slightly at larger batches, I'm guessing the differentiator is mostly VRAM (192 GB in MI300 vs 80 GB in the Nvidia chip. I got about 2-4 times faster deep reinforcement learning when upgrading from 3060 to 4090 definitely worth it. This allows CUDA software to run on AMD Radeon GPUs without adapting the source code. AMD yEPY41 Nov 8, 2021. The next pypi release of tensorflow-directml will have better operator coverage than the last one, so you can expect to see some Dec 7, 2023 · AMD aims to challenge NVIDIA not only through the hardware side but also plans to corner it on the software side with its open source ROCm, a direct competitor to NVIDIA’s CUDA. Besides being great for gaming, I wanted to try it out for some machine learning. Nvidia H100 LLM Benchmarks (runpod. The A100 GPU has revolutionary hardware capabilities and we’re excited to announce CUDA 11 in conjunction with A100. To support cards older than Vega, you need to set the runtime variable ROC_ENABLE_PRE_VEGA=1. cuda 平台是目前最适合深度学习、ai 训练的gpu 架构。在 2007 年推出后不断改善更新，衍生出各种工具包、软件环境，构筑了完整的生态，并与众多客户合作构建细分领域加速库与 ai 训练模型，已经积累 300 个加速库和 400 个 ai ROCm [3] is an Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) software stack for graphics processing unit (GPU) programming. By Branko Gapo March 7, 2024. Apr 7, 2023 · Figure 3 shows 10 workloads comparing SYCL performance to CUDA on an Nvidia A100* system, where for six workloads SYCL performance is greater or equal to CUDA, and the rest of the workloads where the performance difference is negligible. However, for the average user this was too much of an investment and in my Based on my own looks on the github pages of Nvidia and ROCM + AMD, Nvidia has 6. Mar 7, 2024 · AMD has developed Radeon Open Compute (ROCm) as an open-source platform that provides libraries and tools for GPU computing. Git is a free and open source distributed version control system designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency. While CUDA has become the industry standard for AI development, its closed nature restricts options and creates vendor lock-in for developers. If you want to ignore the GPUs and force CPU usage, use an invalid GPU ID (e. 1. Let’s settle this once in for all, which one do you prefer and why? I see that ROCm has come a long way in the past years, though CUDA still appears to be the default choice. AMD MI300X vs. They are the programmable shaders in Nvidia's GPUs that can be used for a wide range of tasks, not just rendering graphics. 0. Singularity natively supports running application containers that use NVIDIA’s CUDA GPU compute framework, or AMD’s ROCm solution. AMC has ROCm to enable GPU use in machine learning, compared to NVIDIA’s CUDA. 0 beta builds. 0 -c pytorch. 知乎专栏是一个自由写作和表达的平台，涵盖了不同领域的文章和讨论。 Np, have a read of the others. ROCm continues happily running well on the mainline kernel with the latest releases, compared to previously relying upon the out-of-tree/DKMS Aug 7, 2023 · OpenAI investing heavily in CUDA/ROCm portability layers like Triton to reduce Nvidia dependence. CUDA being tied directly to NVIDIA makes it more limiting. First, their lack of focus. The large amount of memory bandwidth available on the chip through RocM will allow companies to buy lesser GPUs, making AMD an interesting value Mar 4, 2024 · Nvidia has banned running CUDA-based software on other hardware platforms using translation layers in its licensing terms listed online since 2021, but the warning previously wasn't included in Aug 17, 2023 · The HPC and AI landscape is evolving, and whilst the obvious choice for hardware accelerators has overwhelmingly NVIDIA GPUs, AMD specifically, is gaining traction with their GPUs, offering a We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. ROCm spans several domains: general-purpose computing on graphics processing units (GPGPU), high performance computing (HPC), heterogeneous computing. This way they can offer optimization, differentiation (offering unique features tailored to their devices), vendor lock-in, licensing, and royalty fees, which can result in better performance Feb 12, 2024 · AMD has quietly funded an effort over the past two years to enable binary compatibility for NVIDIA CUDA applications on their ROCm stack. Apr 8, 2021 · Until PyTorch 1. CUDA cores are the result of this evolution. Note Mac is also enabling GPU machine learning, but the weakness is that multiple Mac’s can’t and won’t coordinate learning. 2 torchaudio==0. Slow mode, which should make GPU code more stable, but can prevent some applications from running on ZLUDA. Jul 1, 2023 · I recently upgraded to a 7900 XTX GPU. Here's how to select it: Surprisingly, the process is streamlined. This allows easy access to users of GPU-enabled machine learning frameworks such as tensorflow, regardless of the host operating system. AMD + ROCM has 800 followers. May 21, 2018 · With CUTLASS, we would like to give everyone the techniques and structures they need to develop new algorithms in CUDA C++ using high-performance GEMM constructs as building blocks. Intel's Arc GPUs all worked well doing 6x4, except the Mar 17, 2024 · ROCm is only available on a small number of AMD products today, while CUDA has worked on all Nvidia GPUs for years. Eager to see the AMD GPU support on Linux finally arrive, I quickly began trying out this new Blender open-source 3D modeling software release while seeing how the AMD RDNA2 HIP performance compares to that of NVIDIA GeForce RTX 30 GPUs that have CUDA vs ROCm [D] Discussion. But basically, the new GPU 2024-04-02. Aug 9, 2023 · To compete with CUDA ,AMD recently released an update to RocM. Menu News Hardware Gaming Mobile Finance Software Deals Reviews Apr 21, 2021 · Guys I think you can safely close this issue as a friend and I conducted experiments with a script that I can provide and DML was not only faster than the 1. 0, and were able to run a segment of a training run for a smaller LLM, with zero code changes. Singularity 3. Portability Trade-off: While CUDA offers potentially better performance on NVIDIA GPUs, it limits portability to non-NVIDIA hardware Dec 30, 2019 · Relativly large CRNN model. HIP is used when converting existing CUDA applications like PyTorch to portable C++ and for new projects Nov 15, 2020 · Another reason is that DirectML has lower operator coverage than ROCm and CUDA at the moment. Comparing the AI stacks for NVIDIA and We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. I have a spare set of 5700 GPU's and am thinking of swapping out my 1070's for the 5700 cards. Dec 15, 2021 · ROCm has little or no community supports as it has been recently developed and will take time to build its community. Nvidia CUDA. Download the NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit. CUDA [8], cuDNN [9], and NCCL [10], are the dominant workhorses. Feb 13, 2024 · AMD has quietly funded an effort over the past two years to enable binary compatibility for NVIDIA CUDA applications on their ROCm stack. The developer HIP is a C++ Runtime API and Kernel Language that allows developers to create portable applications for AMD and NVIDIA GPUs from single source code. The developer Sep 22, 2022 · As written about earlier this week, AMD is looking at having HIP ray-tracing support for Blender 3. I found CUDA driver version using nvidia-smi command is 11. cuda. It is a three-way problem: Tensor Cores, software, and community. Git. ROCm was design for interconnected HSA systems, ie GPU's, CPU's DPU's, FPGA's, etc, rather than single purpose solution for Freeing the GPU. The project responsible is ZLUDA, which was initially developed to provide CUDA support on Intel graphics. May 14, 2020 · The new NVIDIA A100 GPU based on the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architecture delivers the greatest generational leap in accelerated computing. But, NVIDIA has had over a decade to develop and optimize CUDA. 15 alpha builds is there ROCm support but not for the newer NAMD 3. Most ML frameworks have NVIDIA support via CUDA as their primary (or only) option for acceleration. HIP provides pointers and host-side pointer arithmetic. txt. We tested with 3090, 3080TI and Titan RTX. If you have multiple AMD GPUs in your system and want to limit Ollama to use a subset, you can set HIP_VISIBLE_DEVICES to a comma separated list of GPUs. Due to the novelty and insufficient prevalence of the ROCm platform, this work also aims at examining the process of migrating existing CUDA appli-cations to a new platform. HIP allows coding in a single-source C++ programming language including features Mar 5, 2024 · Now, while code porting and the use of translation layers do hinder the fact that CUDA was solely developed for NVIDIA's own GPU solutions, and it does steal the "exclusivity" to a certain point CUDA Support ist leider ungeschlagen, AMD versucht schon lange bei ML Fuß zu fassen und bei extra dafür gebauter Software funktioniert das auch einige maßen, aber gerade die "Standard" Dinger wie Tensorflow etc, da ist es immer einfacher und zuverlässiger einfach CUDA zu nutzen, nicht weil AMD scheiße ist, sondern weil der CUDA Support und Dokumentation einfach viel zu gut ist. I have written a test shader that demonstrates this behavior and it is ~30x slower (15 ms vs. 8 was released. The majority of effort in ROCm focuses on HIP, for which none of this is true. What ROCm and CUDA are suppose to do is allow multiple GPUs to be used together for big learning projects. ROCm vs CUDA performance comparison based on training of image_ocr example from Keras - CUDA-Tesla-p100-Colab. Oct 18, 2023 · AMD aims to overcome the perception that Nvidia processors are more AI-friendly, with some companies, like Lamini, finding AMD’s ROCm software comparable to Nvidia’s CUDA. 0. DirectML goes off of DX12 so much wider support for future setups etc. It is a bridge designed to neuter Nvidia's hold on datacenter compute. It&rsquo;s well known that NVIDIA is the clear leader in AI hardware currently. Recently I noticed that Intel TBB have endorsed OpenCL in their library. On the AMD side was the Linux 4. 2. 7k followers (which means these are people serious enough to maintain a github account and subscribe to updates each time a certain Nvidia repository is updated for whatever reason). a. cd va av lb kp rl nt wj nc vm